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Football Rules and Regulations

Written By Alhilal Alsudani.tv on السبت، 28 يناير 2012 | 1:09 م

The history of football can be traced back to as early as the 1st century B.C., when the ancient Romans and Greeks played ball games similar to the present day football, except that there was no concept of a goal. This game evolved through the ages, and during the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century A.D.), became widely popular in Europe, especially England. However, there was one problem that people faced. With no universal set of rules to follow, and no one to enforce them, every match ended up with confusion and chaos. This continued into the mid-nineteenth century, till the formation of the Football Association (FA) in 1860. On 8th December 1863, the FA drafted the 'Laws of the Game': the Bible of football rules and regulations.

The rules governing football can be broadly put into 17 main points, as given below.

The Rules and Regulations of Football

 1.Field of Play

 2.The Ball

 3.The Number of Players

 4.The Players' Equipment

 5.The Referee

 6.The Assistant Referee

 7.Duration of the Match

 8.Start and Restart of Play

 9.Ball In and Out of Play

 10.The Method of Scoring

 11.Offside

 12.Fouls and Misconduct

 13.Free Kicks

 14.The Penalty Kick

 15.The Throw-In

 16.The Goal Kick

 17.The Corner Kick

In addition to the rules given above, there is a Fair Play Code that was drafted by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association or the International Federation of Association Football (in English), which is known by its acronym, FIFA.

Field of Play

*Click on the image above for an enlarged view.

Field Surface
The rules state that a game of football can be played either on a natural surface or on an artificial surface, such as an Astroturf, on the condition that the artificial surface is green in color.

Markings on the Field
The field of play should be rectangular and the boundaries should be marked with lines. While the two longer sides are called the touch lines, the shorter sides are called the goal lines. A halfway line divides the rectangular field into two, and its center is marked by a circle of diameter of 9.15 m.

Dimensions
While the length of the touch line should be between 90 m to 120 m, the goal lines can be of any length, ranging from 45 m to 90 m. However, for international matches, the standard lengths of the touch lines and the goal lines are 100-110 m and 64-75 m, respectively.

Goal Area
The goal area is the area enclosed by two 5.5 m long lines drawn from the inside of each goalpost, joined by a line parallel to the goal line.

Penalty Area
It is the area enclosed by two 16.5 m long lines drawn from inside of each goalpost, joined by a line parallel to the goal line. The point 11 m away from the midpoint of the goal line, is marked as the penalty point. From the center of the penalty point, an arc is drawn outside the penalty area, with a radius of 9.15 m.

Flag Posts at the Corner Arc
A quarter arc of 1m radius, is drawn at each corner of the field, and these are termed as the corner arcs. A flag post of a minimum height of 1.5 m must be placed at each corner.

Goals
At the center of each goal line, there should be a goal post consisting of 2 erect posts, at distance of 7.32 m, with a horizontal crossbar joining them. The distance between the crossbar and the ground should be 2.44 m, and the width of the crossbars or the posts, should not exceed 5 inches.

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The Ball

The ball used in the game of football should be spherical, with a circumference ranging from 68 cm to 70 cm. The weight of the ball used should be within 410 g to 450 g, and it can be made of leather or any other material.

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The Number of Players

A game of football is played between two teams and each team should consist of not more than 11 players, including a goalkeeper. However, each team is permitted to bring in utmost three players as substitutes. Before the match begins, it is essential that the referee be informed of the names of the probable substitutes. The substitute player can enter the field of play only when there is a break in the game, such as a throw-in or a free kick. Any of the current players can change places with the goalkeeper after the referee is informed about it.

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The Players' Equipment

The basic equipment compulsory for every player includes, a jersey, shorts, socks, shin guards, and shoes. Each team should wear colors different from that of the other team, the referees and the linesmen. Not only this, the goalkeeper is required to wear a color that is not identical with the jersey colors of his teammates, the opponent team, the referees or the linesmen.

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The Referee

The key task of the referee is to see to it that both the teams strictly abide by the rules and the spirit of the game. In case a player breaks the rules in any way, he is appropriately punished by the referee. It is the referee who is responsible for awarding free kicks and penalties. He has the power to stop, suspend or abandon a match. When a player commits a foul, the referee may choose to not pause the match if the team against which the foul has been committed, stands to get an advantage. Besides, it is the referee who decides whether the player committing a foul, deserves a red card or a yellow card. All major decisions concerning the match, including the final result, rest with the referee.

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The Assistant Referees

Two assistant referees, formerly known as linesmen, stand along the touch lines and take decisions regarding corner kicks, goal kicks and throw-ins. It is the assistant referee who gives the signal when any of the teams request for a substitute player.

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Duration of the Match

The match is played for a total duration of 90 minutes, divided into two halves of 45 minutes each. The interval between the two halves of the match should not exceed 15 minutes. However, the referee may make allowance for the time lost due to reasons like player substitution, injury caused to players, the ball being out of play, etc. In the knockout stages of international matches, if there's no winner even after the 90 minutes of play, then there is a provision of extra time. The duration of the extra time is 30 minutes.

If there is no winner even after the extra time, then there is the penalty shootout in which each team gets alternate chances to score goals. Five players are selected from each team, and these players are required to score goals from the penalty area, with the goal defended only by the opponent goalkeeper.

In case there is a tie between the two teams even after the penalty shootout, there is the sudden-death penalty in which the first team to score, wins.

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Start and Restart of Play

According to the rules and regulations of soccer, the game starts with the toss of a coin, wherein the winning team gets to decide which goal they would attack during the first half of the match. During the second half, the teams switch sides and attack the opposite goals. The team that loses the toss, starts the match with the kick-off while the team that wins the toss, takes the kick-off in the second half of the match.

After a pause in the course of the match, it may be restarted in one of the following ways.

Kick Off:
When one team scores a goal, the match is restarted with a kick-off.

Throw-In:
When the ball is sent off the field, the opponents of the player who last touched the ball, get a throw-in. This means that one player from this team throws the ball into the field to resume game play.

Goal Kick:
When the attacking team takes the ball out of the field on the defending team's goal line, the defending team is awarded a goal kick. The defending team's goalkeeper kicks the ball to restart the game.

Corner Kick:
When the ball goes out of the field on the defending team's goal line, last touched by a player of the defending team, the match is restarted with a corner kick by a player of the attacking team.

Indirect Free Kick:
When a player commits a foul, such as offside, that does not call for a penalty, the match is restarted with a direct free kick by the opponent team.

Direct Free Kick:
When a player from one team commits a more serious foul such as handball (touching the ball with the hand), the match is restarted with a direct free kick by the opponent team.

Penalty Kick:
When offenses such as a handball, are committed by a player inside the penalty area, the match is restarted with a penalty kick awarded to the other team.

Dropped Ball:
When the match is stopped by the referee for reasons such as injury caused to a player, a defect in the ball, etc, the match is restarted with the referee dropping the ball at the same site where it was, when the game play was stopped.

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Ball In and Out of Play

The ball is out of play when either it crosses the touch line or the goal line, on either side and when the referee stops the game play. At all other times, the ball is in play.

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The Method of Scoring

A goal is scored when the ball passes across the goal line, between the goalposts, and under the crossbar. The winning team is the team that scores more goals. In case no goals are scored during the match or both the teams end up scoring the same number of goals, the result is a draw.

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The Offside

According to the Laws of the Game, a player is in an offside position if he is nearer to his opponent's goal line than both the ball and his second last opponent. However, if a player is in his own half of the field or is level with the second last opponent or he is level with the last two opponents, he is not in an offside position.

A player in an offside position is penalized only if the referee feels that he is gaining an advantage by being in that position or is interfering with an opponent.

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Fouls and Misconduct

The players are punished for their fouls and misconduct, by the referee who judges the severity of the offense and accordingly uses one of the following.

Direct Free Kick:
The referee calls for a direct free kick when a player kicks, trips, pushes, tackles, holds, or spits at an opponent. Also if a player handles the ball deliberately or jumps, strikes or charges an opponent, the referee awards a free kick to his opponent's team.

Penalty Kick:
The referee awards a penalty kick if any of the offenses that call for a direct free kick, are committed within the player's own penalty area.

Indirect Free Kick:
It is awarded when the goalkeeper touches the ball with his hands for more than six seconds or touches the ball with his hands directly after it has been thrown in by a teammate. Also, if a player plays in a way that hinders the progress of one or more of his opponents, then the referee may award an indirect free kick.

Yellow Card:
A yellow card is a caution to the players which is issued when a player goes against the rules and commits offenses like expressing dissent through words or actions, entering or leaving the field without the referee's permission, etc.

Red Card:
The referee shows a red card to a player to show that he is being sent off. A red card is issued for violent conduct, deliberately handling the ball to prevent the opponent team from scoring, use of offensive language or gestures and when a player commits a misconduct after he has already been shown the yellow card twice.

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Free Kicks

There are two types of free kicks, direct free kicks and indirect free kicks.

Direct Free Kick:
A direct free kick is awarded in case of a handball or a tackle with excessive force and it is called so because it can be struck directly towards the opponent's goal. A team can score a goal with a direct free kick.

Indirect Free Kick:
When a player commits a foul, such as offside, that does not call for a penalty, the opponent team is awarded an indirect free kick i.e. a free kick that cannot be directed towards the goal. It is not possible to score a goal by an indirect free kick, unless at least one more player touches the ball.

During a free kick, all players of the defending team must be at least 9.15m away from the ball and the free kick is struck from the point where the breach of conduct was committed.

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The Penalty Kick

The referee awards a penalty if a player commits any of the misconduct such as handling the ball with his hand, inside the penalty area, which would otherwise result in a direct free kick.

When a player takes a penalty kick, the ball must be placed on the penalty mark and the defending goalkeeper must stay on his goal line. All other players must stand outside the penalty box, at least 9.15 m away from the ball. When the referee gives the signal for the penalty kick by blowing his whistle, the player should kick the ball forward. A penalty kick can result in a goal.

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The Throw-In

A method of restarting game play, the referee awards a throw-in to the opponent team of the player who last touches the ball before it goes out of the field.

During a throw-in, the player is required to face the field of play, hold the ball with both hands, deliver the ball from over his head and deliver the ball from exactly where it left the field. The opponent team players must stand at a minimum distance of 2 m from the point of throw-in. The player who performs the throw-in should not touch the ball till it has been touched by another player.

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The Goal Kick

The goal kick is a means of restarting the play after the ball goes outside the goal line, last touched by a player of the attacking team.

A goal kick is taken by a player of the defending team, who can kick the ball from any point within the goal area but cannot play the ball until it has been touched by another player. When a goal kick is taken, all the players of the opponent team, must stand outside the penalty area.

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The Corner Kick

The game is restarted with a corner kick, after the ball goes outside the goal line, last touched by a player of the defending team.

Equivalent to a direct free kick taken from the corner of the field, the corner kick requires that the opponent team players stand at a minimum distance of 9.15m from the corner. Before taking the corner kick, the player must place the ball inside the corner arc of the corner nearest to where the ball crossed the goal line. The rules for the corner kick are similar to that for the direct free kick. It is important that the corner flag post is not removed before or during the corner kick is taken.

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Now that you know what are the football rules and regulations, all you need to do is to see how these rules apply to the matches at your local club, or the live international matches on television. The more you observe, the more you learn and with time, you'll get a hang of it!

By Mukulika Mukherjee

Source

1:06 م

If you go to Google and type in "Soccer as a Religion", you get pages and pages of results. Such is the hold soccer has on the masses. It is influential on such a deep level and magnitude, that where peace talks and other means of ensuring world peace fail, soccer is what diplomats and world leaders turn to, to dissipate the animosity and bring people together! Is it any wonder then, that there are hundreds of stadiums cropping up across the globe, in reverence to this cult-game?! And not just ordinary stadiums too. These are grand, mesmerizing shrines in keeping with the status of the sport they are built for. Let's take a look at the top 10 biggest soccer stadiums across the globe...

Number #10: Borg El Arab Stadium - Alexandria, Egypt

Capacity - Around 86,000

This grass-surface stadium is the largest in Egypt and the second largest in Africa. Egypt wanted to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which is the main reason this stadium was built, although only one match in the tournament was played in this stadium - the opening match between Egypt and Trinidad and Tobago. But it did host the opening ceremony. What makes this stadium unique is that it's designing and building was undertaken by the Egyptian Armed Forces Corps of Engineers (EAFCE). Among the features of this stadium, 2 training fields, 32 restaurants, 76 staircases, 68 restrooms, along with a 200 bed hotel for the players, are the important ones.

Number #9: Bukit Jalil National Stadium - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Capacity - Around 87,500

This bowl shaped stadium was built by United Engineers Malaysia, Bhd, in 1998. Although it was initially built for the 1998 Commonwealth Games, it is now a multipurpose stadium and also the 25th largest stadium in the world. The colorful seating arrangement makes a pattern representing the national flag in motion! It is also used to host music shows and concerts, and artists like Usher, Paramore and Kelly Clarkson have performed here.

Number #8: Gelora Bung Karno Stadium - Jakarta, Indonesia

Capacity - Around 88,500

This stadium is named after the first President of Indonesia, Sukarno. It was opened in 1962 and has a range of facilities like a tennis stadium, an indoor gymnasium, an archery field, an aquatics arena, a softball and a hockey field as well! The temu gelang, which is the huge ring formed by the gigantic steel roof, is the main feature of this stadium. It enhances the grandeur of the stadium. It has a grass surface and cost an amazing $12,500,000 to build!

Number #7: Wembley Stadium - London, England

Capacity - Around 90,000

This stadium needed a mind-boggling 800 million pounds to build, making it the most expensive stadium in the world! Its most famous feature is the Wembly Arch which measures 134 meters in height and has a span of 137 meters, and is quite a sight at night when it is lit up. It is a bowl shaped structure with a partially retractable roof, and the only stadium which requires beacons for low flying aircraft! Besides football, it is used to host rugby matches and music concerts. This stadium actually is rebuilt; its original structure being the Empire Stadium, which was one of the most famous soccer stadiums in the world until its demolition in 2003.

Number #6: FNB Stadium - Johannesburg, South Africa

Capacity - Around 95,000

FNB stands for First National Bank and it is named that, because of the deal with its sponsor, you guessed it right, the First National Bank! The largest stadium in Africa, its structure is similar to the African gourd/pot, which gives it the nickname "The Calabash". It was known as Soccer City during the FIFA World Cup 2010, and required around $450 million for its construction. There are a few unique things about this stadium that you may find interesting...

Nelson Mandela gave his first speech, after his release from prison, in this stadium.
There were originally 9 black vertical lines to align the stands in this stadium. A 10th line was added, because according to South African culture, 9 is an unlucky number.
Chris Hani, who was a rival of the Apartheid Government in Africa, and also a leader of the South African Communist Party, was assassinated 10 April 1993. His funeral took place in this stadium.
For special effects, it has mosaic lights in warm colors, along the bottom of the structure on the outside, to make it look like there is fire under the gourd!

Number #5: Camp Nou - Barcelona, Spain

Capacity - Around 99,500

Camp Nou was constructed in 1957 and is the largest stadium in Europe. 'Camp Nou' is actually the nickname of the stadium! Its official name was Estadi del FC Barcelona, until 2000. An interesting fact about this stadium is that when it was remodeled in 1980, the funds came from thousands of supporters who paid donations to have their names inscribed on the bricks! The 1999 Champions League final, with the thrilling last minute Manchester United comeback against Bayern Munich, was held here! Other than soccer legends, Camp Nou has hosted celebrities like Michael Jackson, U2, Pope John Paul II, Bruce Springsteen, Sting, etc.

Number #4: Azadi Stadium - Tehran, Iran

Capacity - Around 1,00,000

This is the place where you can watch the match live as well as get the experience of watching it on a BIG screen - the original scoreboard was replaced by one of the biggest televisions in the world (20m X 7.5m)! This stadium, considered to be intimidating for visiting teams, was originally built to host the 1974 Asian Games. It's a beautiful structure, sloping downwards from the stands towards the stadium, in a bowl shape. Originally named Sad-Hezar Nefari Stadium, it was called Azadi Stadium after the Iranian Revolution, since in Persian, Azadi means Freedom. It is Iran's National Stadium, fifth biggest in the world, and the largest in the Middle East.

Number #3: Estado Azteca - Mexico City, Mexico

Capacity - Around 1,05,000

This grass surface stadium, opened in May of 1996 is special for many reasons. Here are a few:

This is the only stadium which has hosted two world cup finals! Brazil vs Italy in 1970 and Argentina vs West Germany in 1986.
Maradona and Pele, considered to be the gods of soccer, lifted their last trophies in this stadium. Maradona lifted the FIFA World Cup Trophy, while Pele lifted The Jules Rimet Trophy.
Maradona scored two scintillating goals of his career here, 'Goal of the Century' and 'Hand of God Goal' (yeah, the names say it all!).
This is the largest stadium in the world which is specially dedicated to soccer.
The 1970 semifinal (declared as the 'Match of the Century') where Italy beat West Germany(4-3) during extra time was played in this stadium.

There is also a plaque and a monument outside the stadium to immortalize the 'Goal of the century' and 'Game of the Century', respectively. Definitely deserving of its number 3 position, huh?

Number #2: Salt Lake Stadium - Kolkata, India

Capacity - Around 1,20,000

This stadium, although mainly used for football, is a multipurpose stadium. The surface is Astroturf and it has many facilities like 4 reservoirs fully equipped with fire fighting arrangements, diesel generation sets, its own water arrangement, and lighting arrangements for nocturnal sports! Also, Oliver Kahn played his last match for Bayern Munich in this stadium. The stadium is also used to host concerts, athletic events, derby matches and other important events. It also hosted the 1987 SAF Games.

Number #1: Rungrado May Day Stadium - Pyongyang, North Korea

Capacity - Around 1,50,000

This is the biggest stadium in the world that is used for soccer. It is a sprawling and humungous structure covering 2.2 million ft² of floor space and towering above the ground at 60 meters! But it is also an aesthetically pleasing stadium, with 16 arches forming a ring resembling the magnolia flower! An interesting fact about this stadium is that many North Korean army generals were burnt alive here, after being implicated for attempting to assassinate Kim Jong-II. This stadium is not dedicated only to soccer though, and it hosts many gymnastics events as well as other sports and cultural events.

Ever since the invention of soccer, it has won millions of fans for itself. Call a stadium a stadium in front of a true blue soccer fan, and you may be at the receiving end of a scornful, withering look! No people, it's not merely a stadium - it's a place where dreams are born, passions are ignited, and hearts are broken! Goose bumps, tempers, feverish chanting, absolutely crazy stuff - you gotta be there to have an indelible memory!

By Gauri Huddar
Source here

GROUP E COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS	GROUP F COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS
Netherlands	10	9	0	1	37	8	29	27	Greece	10	7	3	0	14	5	9	24
Sweden	10	8	0	2	31	11	20	24	Croatia	10	7	1	2	18	7	11	22
Hungary	10	6	1	3	22	14	8	19	Israel	10	5	1	4	13	11	2	16
Finland	10	3	1	6	16	16	0	10	Latvia	10	3	2	5	9	12	-3	11
Moldova	10	3	0	7	12	16	-4	9	Georgia	10	2	4	4	7	9	-2	10
San Marino	10	0	0	10	0	53	-53	0	Malta	10	0	1	9	4	21	-17	1

GROUP G COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS	GROUP H COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS
England	8	5	3	0	17	5	12	18	Denmark	8	6	1	1	15	6	9	19
Montenegro	8	3	3	2	7	7	0	12	Portugal	8	5	1	2	21	12	9	16
Switzerland	8	3	2	3	12	10	2	11	Norway	8	5	1	2	10	7	3	16
Wales	8	3	0	5	6	10	-4	9	Iceland	8	1	1	6	6	14	-8	4
Bulgaria	8	1	2	5	3	13	-10	5	Cyprus	8	0	2	6	7	20	-13	2

GROUP I COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS
Spain	8	8	0	0	26	6	20	24
Czech Rep	8	4	1	3	12	8	4	13
Scotland	8	3	2	3	9	10	-1	11
Lithuania	8	1	2	5	4	13	-9	5
Liechtenstein	8	1	1	6	3	17	-14	4

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GROUP A COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS	GROUP B COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS
Germany	10	10	0	0	34	7	27	30	Russia	10	7	2	1	17	4	13	23
Turkey	10	5	2	3	13	11	2	17	Rep of Ireland	10	6	3	1	15	7	8	21
Belgium	10	4	3	3	21	15	6	15	Armenia	10	5	2	3	22	10	12	17
Austria	10	3	3	4	16	17	-1	12	Slovakia	10	4	3	3	7	10	-3	15
Azerbaijan	10	2	1	7	10	26	-16	7	Macedonia	10	2	2	6	8	14	-6	8
Kazakhstan	10	1	1	8	6	24	-18	4	Andorra	10	0	0	10	1	25	-24	0

GROUP C COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS	GROUP D COUNTRY	P	W	D	L	GF	GA	GD	PTS
Italy	10	8	2	0	20	2	18	26	France	10	6	3	1	15	4	11	21
Estonia	10	5	1	4	15	14	1	16	Bosnia	10	6	2	2	17	8	9	20
Serbia	10	4	3	3	13	12	1	15	Romania	10	3	5	2	13	9	4	14
Slovenia	10	4	2	4	11	7	4	14	Belarus	10	3	4	3	8	7	1	13
Northern Ireland	10	2	3	5	9	13	-4	9	Albania	10	2	3	5	7	14	-7	9
Faroe Islands	10	1	1	8	6	26	-20	4	Luxembourg	10	1	1	8	3	21	-18	4